Radiomorphometric evaluation of mandibular parameters for sexual dimorphism in individuals with down syndrome
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Abstract
Background: The mandible is often used in forensic investigations due to its resistance to post-mortem damage and its potential to show sexual dimorphism. However, the growth patterns of the craniofacial structure in individuals with Down syndrome (DS) differ from those in the general population, which may affect the manifestation of mandibular dimorphism. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate sexual dimorphism in mandibular radiomorphometric parameters in individuals with and without Down syndrome using panoramic radiography. Methods: This analytical observational study utilized a cross-sectional design. A total of 26 panoramic radiographs from individuals aged 10 to 17 years were analyzed, including 13 individuals with Down syndrome and 13 without. Measurements of bicondylar width, mandibular symphysis height, and the vertical position of the mental foramen in relation to the inferior mandibular border were performed using Clinicview 10.2.6 software. Independent t-tests or non-parametric equivalents were used to analyze the differences between males and females, as appropriate. A post hoc power analysis was conducted to assess the adequacy of the sample size. Results: No statistically significant sexual dimorphism was found in bicondylar width, mandibular symphysis height, or mental foramen position among individuals with Down syndrome (p >0.05). In contrast, significant sex-related differences were identified in the vertical position of the mental foramen in individuals without Down syndrome (p <0.05). Effect size analysis indicated small to moderate differences in certain parameters; however, post hoc power analysis revealed low statistical power, indicating limited ability to detect subtle differences. Conclusion: The mandibular parameters assessed in this study revealed limited sexual dimorphism in individuals with Down syndrome. These findings suggest that bicondylar width, mandibular symphysis height, and mental foramen position should be interpreted with caution in a forensic context within this population.
Received date: 10-04-2026
Accepted date: 17-06-2026
Published date: 15-09-2026
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