Determining the antibacterial efficacy of Amoxicillin-Clavulanic acid (Augmentin®), Metronidazole and Ethanolic extract of Moringa oleifera L. against clinically isolated Porphyromonas gingivalis (in vitro study)
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Abstract
Background: Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (Augmentin®), Metronidazole, Amoxil/Metro combination, and Azithromycin are commonly utilized as adjunctive treatment of periodontitis. Moringa oleifera L (Mo) leaves extracts have demonstrated the ability to inhibit the growth of facultative anaerobic bacteria including Porphyromonas. gingivalis (P. gingivalis), Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus cereus, Shigella sonnei, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Beta-hemolytic streptococcus, Bacillus megaterium as well as dental biofilm development. Objectives: The present study was set out to determine the antibacterial efficacy of Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (Augmentin®), Metronidazole and Ethanolic extract of Mo leaves against P. gingivalis clinical isolate. Materials and Methods: The minimum inhibition concentrations (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC), and sensitivity of the clinical isolated P. gingivalis against Mo ethanolic leaves extracts, Augmentin, and Metronidazole were determined using two-fold serial dilution, agar well diffusion, and disk diffusion, respectively. The gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used for phytochemical analysis of the Mo leaves extract using ethanol solvent. Results: P. gingivalis exhibited inhibition to Mo leaves extract, while it demonstrated resistance to Augmentin and Metronidazole. MIC and MBC of Mo leaves extract were found to be 0.78 mg/ml and 1.56 mg/ml against P. gingivalis, respectively. The extract had highest anti-biofilm effect at the minimum concentrations of 1.55 mg/ml and 0.78 mg/ml equivalent to 0.06% Chlorhexidine compared to its lowest conc at 0.34 mg/ml, and this activity was inversely proportional to the extract’s concentration. Conclusion: While Augmentin and Metronidazole showed no sensitivity against P. gingivalis, the promising antibacterial effect of Mo leaves extract against this bacterium may indicates its potential for use in oral health promotion, suggesting further in vivo studies to validate Mo extracts as alternative adjuncts in periodontitis therapy.
Received date: 04-10-2025
Accepted date: 05-11-2025
Published date: 15-12-2025
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